Alternativas de procesos para la búsqueda de casos de tuberculosis bajo condiciones económicas limitadas. Cuba 2022-2025 / Process Alternatives for the Tuberculosis Case Finding under Limited Economic Conditions. Cuba 2022-2025

Ejecutar procesos efectivos de búsqueda de casos de tuberculosis es crucial para acele-rar el paso hacia su eliminación. El empeoramiento de las condiciones económicas mun-diales y nacionales no nos permite aplicar extensivamente las tecnologías rápidas mo-leculares idóneas de diagnóstico. Consideramos sensato entonces aplicar algoritmos alternativos que satisfagan las necesidades nacionales presentes hasta que las condi-ciones permitan la cobertura completa de las tecnologías moleculares recomendadas. Sugerimos introducir la radiografía digital para todos los algoritmos, utilizar mejor la microscopía de fluorescencia LED y la óptica convencional ya probadas. En conclusión, es preciso que este enfoque de trabajo, que procura optimizar la efectividad y eficiencia del programa, se introduzca en la práctica cotidiana hasta que lo idóneo sea permisible

Executing effective tuberculosis case-finding processes is crucial to accelerate the path towards elimination of the disease. The worsening of global and national economic conditions do not allow us to extensively apply rapid molecular diagnostic technolo-gies. We consider it sensible and necessary to apply alternative algorithms that meet the current national needs, until conditions allow full coverage of the recommended molecular technologies. We suggest introducing digital X-rays for all algorithms, bet-ter use of LED fluorescence microscopy and conventional optics already appropriate-ly tested. In conclusion, it is necessary that this approach that seeks to optimize the effectiveness and efficiency of the Cuban program be introduced into daily practice until the ideal is permissible

Intervenciones de enfermería en Medicina Natural y Tradicional para la rehabilitación de pacientes operados de cardiopatías congénitas

Introducción: El sistema de salud cubano insiste en la necesidad de adiestrar profesionales en modalidades de Medicina Natural y Tradicional. Su integración aumenta los recursos diagnósticos terapéuticos en la prevención, promoción y rehabilitación de individuos, familias y comunidades. La Medicina Natural y Tradicional es promovida por la Organización Mundial de la Salud, y está incluida en la Clasificación de Intervenciones de Enfermería. El término "intervención de enfermería" se asume para integrar estas modalidades a la rehabilitación de personas operadas de cardiopatías congénitas. Objetivo: Diseñar la integración de la Medicina Natural y Tradicional en las intervenciones de enfermería para la rehabilitación de personas operadas de cardiopatía congénita. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo y transversal realizado en el Cardiocentro Pediátrico William Soler, de La Habana, en el período 2016-2018. El universo estuvo conformado por 100 enfermeras/os, de las/os cuales 60 fueron seleccionadas/os mediante muestreo aleatorio simple. Se diseñó un instrumento que se validó por criterio de expertos. La información se procesó con frecuencias absolutas y porcentajes. Resultados: El criterio de expertos determinó la viabilidad de la propuesta, su consolidación para desarrollar cuidados holísticos, naturales e integrales, y el diseño de la integración de la Medicina Natural y Tradicional en intervenciones de enfermería para la rehabilitación de personas operadas de cardiopatías congénitas. Asimismo, complementar protocolos utilizados en el Departamento de Rehabilitación del Cardiocentro Pediátrico William Soler, además de la superación profesional. Conclusiones: Se seleccionaron diagnósticos e intervenciones reconocidas por la Clasificación de Intervenciones de Enfermería, aplicables para solucionar problemas detectados en la rehabilitación de personas operadas de cardiopatías congénitas, lo que contribuyó como aporte teórico desde la ciencia a la práctica enfermera.

Introduction: The Cuban health system insists on the need of training professionals on modalities on Natural and Traditional Medicine. Their integration increases the diagnostic nd therapeutic resources in the promotion, prevention and rehabilitation of individuals,familiesand communities. Natural and Traditional Medicine is promoted by the World Health Organization, and is included in the Classification of Nursing Interventions. The term "nursing intervention" is assumed to integrate these modalities into the rehabilitation of persons operated on for congenital heart diseases. Objective: To design the integration of the Natural and Traditional Medicine into nursing interventions for the rehabilitation of persons operated on for congenital heart diseases. Materials and methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional study carried out in the Pediatric Heart center William Soler, of Havana, in the period 2016-2018. The universe was made up by 100 male and female nurses, 60 of whom were selected through simple randomly sampling. An instrument was, designed that was validated by expert criteria. The information was processed with absolute frequencies and percentages. Results: The expert criteria determined the proposal's viability, its consolidation to develop holistic, natural and comprehensive care, and the design of the integration of Natural and Traditional Medicine into nursing interventions for the rehabilitation of persons operated on for congenital heart diseases. Likewise, complement protocols used in the Rehabilitation Department of the Pediatric Heart center William Soler, in addition to professional upgrading. Conclusions: Diagnoses and interventions recognized by the Classification of Nursing Interventions were selected, applicable to solve problems detected in the rehabilitation of persons operated on for congenital heart diseases, which contributed to the nursing practice as a theoretical scientific contribution.

Attention deficit hyperactivity and oppositional defiant disorder symptoms in adolescence and risk of substance use disorders-A general population-based birth cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Externalizing symptoms are associated with risk of future substance use disorder (SUD). Few longitudinal studies exist using general population-based samples which assess the spectrum of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms. AIMS/OBJECTIVES: We aimed to study the associations between adolescent ADHD symptoms and subsequent SUD and additionally examine whether the risk of SUD is influenced by comorbid oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms. METHODS: The Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 was linked to nationwide health care register data for incident SUD diagnoses until age 33 years (n = 6278, 49.5% male). ADHD/ODD-case status at age 16 years was defined using parent-rated ADHD indicated by Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD symptoms and Normal Behaviors (SWAN) questionnaire with 95% percentile cut-off. To assess the impact of ODD comorbidity on SUD risk, participants were categorized into four groups based on their ADHD/ODD case status. Cox-regression analysis with hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to study associations between adolescent ADHD/ODD case statuses and subsequent SUD. RESULTS: In all, 552 participants (8.8%) presented with ADHD case status at the age of 16 years, and 154/6278 (2.5%) were diagnosed with SUD during the follow-up. ADHD case status was associated with SUD during the follow-up (HR = 3.84, 95% CI 2.69-5.50). After adjustments for sex, family structure, and parental psychiatric disorder and early substance use the association with ADHD case status and SUD remained statistically significant (HR = 2.60, 95% CI 1.70-3.98). The risk of SUD remained elevated in individuals with ADHD case status irrespective of ODD symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: ADHD in adolescence was associated with incident SUD in those with and without symptoms of ODD. The association of ADHD and SUD persisted even after adjustment for a wide range of potential confounds. This emphasizes the need to identify preventative strategies for adolescents with ADHD so as to improve health outcomes.

Nivel de conocimientos de enfermeros sobre medicina natural y tradicional para la rehabilitación de operados de cardiopatías congénitas

Introducción: la medicina natural y tradicional puede integrarse a la rehabilitación de los pacientes operados de cardiopatías congénitas, por lo que se requieren profesionales de enfermería con preparación para realizar las intervenciones específicas útiles en estos pacientes. Objetivo: identificar el nivel de conocimientos que posee el personal de enfermería sobre medicina natural y tradicional para la rehabilitación de las personas operadas de cardiopatía congénita. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal, en el Cardiocentro Pediátrico William Soler, de La Habana, durante el período junio-noviembre de 2019. Se aplicó una encuesta diseñada por los investigadores y validada por criterio de expertos. El universo lo constituyeron 100 enfermeras involucradas en el proceso de rehabilitación en práctica diaria, de las cuales se seleccionaron 60 mediante muestreo aleatorio simple. Para procesar la información se utilizó el software estadístico IMB SPSS Statistics. Resultados: se identificó el bajo nivel de conocimientos sobre las intervenciones de enfermería en medicina natural y tradicional para la rehabilitación de personas operadas de cardiopatías congénitas, resultado esperado por la insuficiente investigación en ese campo. Conclusiones: el estudio posibilitó identificar las debilidades relacionadas con el objeto de estudio, y propuso el diseño de un programa para la integración de la medicina natural y tradicional en las intervenciones de enfermería para la rehabilitación de personas operadas de cardiopatías congénitas.

Introduction: natural and traditional medicine can be integrated into the rehabilitation of patients operated of congenital heart diseases, so nursing professionals are required with training to perform the specific interventions that are useful in these patients. Objective: to identify the level of knowledge that the nursing staff have on natural and traditional medicine for the rehabilitation of patients operated of congenital heart disease. Materials and methods: across-sectional, descriptive study was carried out in the Pediatric Cardio Center William Soler, in Havana, during the period from June to November 2019. A survey, designed by the researchers and validated by expert criteria, was applied. The universe were 100 nurses involved in the rehabilitation process in their daily practice, of whom 60 were selected by simple random sampling. IMB SPSS Statistics software was used to process the information. Results: the low level of knowledge on nursing interventions in natural and traditional medicine for the rehabilitation of patients operated of congenital heart diseases was identified, an expected result due to insufficient research in this field. Conclusions: the study made it possible to identify weaknesses related to the object of study, and proposed the design of a program to integrate natural and traditional medicine into nursing interventions for the rehabilitation of patients operated of congenital heart diseases.

Getting them through the door: Social and behavioral determinants of uptake and engagement in an obesity intervention.

Using data from a large-scale screening program (N = 19634), we aimed to prospectively identify factors predicting uptake (i.e. acceptance of the invitation) and engagement (i.e. participation in at least two sessions) in a multi-component-intensive-behavioral-intervention for obesity-management (MBIOM) intervention targeting adolescents (n = 2862; 12-14 years; BMI ≥90th percentile). Approximately one third of adolescents most in need of weight management declined the initial invitation to enter the MBIOM. Poor diet, sedentary behavior, and parental education predicted willingness to enter and stay in the intervention, however measured body mass index did not matter. Perceived family support, instead of initial motivation, facilitated engagement. Our results provide new insights on the importance of regional socio-geographical factors including trust in local authorities.

Association of ADHD symptoms in adolescence and mortality in Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986.

BACKGROUND: Diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) has been associated with increased risk of mortality in large register samples. However, there is less known about the association between symptoms of ADHD in adolescents and risk of mortality in general population samples. METHODS: The Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 (n = 9432 at recruitment in early pregnancy) linked to nationwide register data for deaths was utilized to study the association between parent-rated ADHD symptoms assessed using Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD symptoms and Normal Behaviors (SWAN) questionnaire and mortality until age 33 years. Cox-regression analysis with hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) was used to study the association between SWAN inattentive, hyperactive, and combined symptom scores and risk of death. RESULTS: Sixty-three (0.9%) of the 6685 participants died during the follow-up. Higher SWAN inattentive (crude HR = 2.30, 95% CI 1.46-3.63), SWAN hyperactive (crude HR = 2.43, 95% CI 1.29-4.56), and SWAN combined (crude HR = 2.69, 95% CI 1.57-4.61) scores were associated with increased risk of death. After adjustments for sex, family structure, and lifetime parental psychiatric disorder, these associations persisted. Further adjustment for frequent alcohol intoxication, cannabis, and other substance use in adolescence attenuated these to below statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: These results extend previous findings on the risk of mortality in adolescents who have symptoms of ADHD. Further research with larger samples are needed to determine whether the association between ADHD symptoms and mortality is independent of adolescent substance use.

Tumor filoide gigante. Presentación de un caso

Los tumores filoides son una de las tumoraciones raras de la mama. Su forma habitual de presentación es en forma de masa firme, sin dolor, generalmente de un solo lado y móvil. Se presentó el caso de paciente de 17 años, del sexo femenino, con seropositividad para VIH, que se consultó por aumento de volumen de mama izquierda con crecimiento acelerado en los últimos seis meses. Al examen físico se palpó tumoración gigante ulcerada de mama izquierda, indolora y de consistencia firme multilobulada, con red venosa superficial. La tumoración, de unos 33 cm, ocupaba prácticamente toda la mama izquierda. No se palparon adenopatías. Luego de los estudios imaginológicos realizados fue intervenida quirúrgicamente. El estudio anatomopatológico informó tumor filoide de alto grado. La paciente evolucionó favorablemente durante el posoperatorio y se le dio alta médica con buen estado general y sin fiebre. Se revisó el estudio y manejo de esta patología, así como la importancia de un correcto diagnóstico diferencial.

Giant phyllodes tumors are one of the rarest breast tumors. This tumor typically presents itself as a firm and painless mass, mobile and generally located in one of the breasts. An HIV-positive 17 years old female patient presented a left breast swelling with a history of fast growing pace in the previous 6 months. Physical examination showed an ulcerated painless giant phyllodes tumor on the left breast, with multilobed firm characteristics and considerable blood vessel network. The tumor, with a 33cm circumference, took most of the left breast volume. No lymphadenopathies were detected. After radiographic tests, surgical procedure was performed. The anatomopathological report confirmed the presence of a high grade phyllodes tumor. The patient evolved favorably after surgery and was discharged in good general condition, with no fever. The study and management of this pathology was reviewed, as well as the importance of a correct differential diagnosis.

Tumores filoides são um dos tumores raros da mama. Sua forma usual de apresentação é como uma massa firme, indolor, geralmente unilateral e móvel. Foi apresentado o caso de uma paciente de 17 anos com soropositividade para HIV, que foi consultada devido ao aumento do volume da mama esquerda com crescimento acelerado nos últimos seis meses. Ao exame físico, palpava-se tumoração gigante ulcerada em mama esquerda, indolor e firme, multilobulada, com rede venosa superficial. O tumor, de cerca de 33 cm, ocupava praticamente toda a mama esquerda. Não havia adenopatias palpáveis. Após a realização dos exames de imagem, foi submetida a cirurgia. O estudo anatomopatológico relatou um tumor phyllodes de alto grau. A paciente evoluiu bem no pós-operatório, recebendo alta em bom estado geral e sem febre. Foi revisto o estudo e tratamento desta patologia, bem como a importância de um correto diagnóstico diferencial.

A genome-wide association study of total child psychiatric problems scores.

Substantial genetic correlations have been reported across psychiatric disorders and numerous cross-disorder genetic variants have been detected. To identify the genetic variants underlying general psychopathology in childhood, we performed a genome-wide association study using a total psychiatric problem score. We analyzed 6,844,199 common SNPs in 38,418 school-aged children from 20 population-based cohorts participating in the EAGLE consortium. The SNP heritability of total psychiatric problems was 5.4% (SE = 0.01) and two loci reached genome-wide significance: rs10767094 and rs202005905. We also observed an association of SBF2, a gene associated with neuroticism in previous GWAS, with total psychiatric problems. The genetic effects underlying the total score were shared with common psychiatric disorders only (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, anxiety, depression, insomnia) (rG > 0.49), but not with autism or the less common adult disorders (schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or eating disorders) (rG < 0.01). Importantly, the total psychiatric problem score also showed at least a moderate genetic correlation with intelligence, educational attainment, wellbeing, smoking, and body fat (rG > 0.29). The results suggest that many common genetic variants are associated with childhood psychiatric symptoms and related phenotypes in general instead of with specific symptoms. Further research is needed to establish causality and pleiotropic mechanisms between related traits.

Usefulness of warning signs in the management of dengue patients / Utilidad de los signos de alarma en la atención de pacientes con dengue

Introduction: The dengue case classifications proposed by World Health Organization (WHO, 2009) include warning signs (WS) for recognizing early progression of disease toward the critical phase. Objective: To analyze the usefulness WS and challenges of the 2009 WHO dengue case classification in preventing and managing severe dengue cases. Methods: Data from 1439 adult patients diagnosed as dengue cases (2001-2002, 2006, 2012) at the Pedro Kourí Institute Hospital, in Havana Cuba, was revised. The WS were described and their predictive utility was considered in preventing shock in these patients with the use of crystalloids by calculating the sensitivity, specificity and positive / negative predictive values using both the 1997 and 2009 WHO dengue case classifications. Results: Plasma-leakage with shock was the main clinical form of severe dengue (95.3 percent). All severe cases due to plasma leakage had WS. The most frequent WS were mucosal bleeding (926 cases; 64.4 percent), frequent vomiting (361; 39.0 percent), abdominal pain or tenderness (404; 35.5 percent) and prostration (408; 28.4 percent). Mucosal bleeding and abdominal pain were good predictors of severity, appearing one day before shock. More than 75 percent of patients without WS there were not severe dengue. Most patients with warning signs were managed correctly and had an uneventful recovery. Conclusions: Identifying the WS recommended by WHO 2009 classification for crystalloid intravenous fluid treatment was crucial for the successful outcome of dengue cases(AU)

Introducción: La clasificación de dengue propuesta por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) en el 2019 incluye los signos de alarma (SA) para reconocer la rápida progresión de la enfermedad a la fase crítica. Objetivo: Analizar la utilidad de los SA y los retos de la clasificación de la OMS de 2009 para la prevención y manejo de los casos graves de dengue. Métodos: Se obtuvo información de 1439 pacientes adultos diagnosticados como casos de dengue (años: 2001-2002, 2006, 2012) en el Hospital del Instituto Pedro Kourí, en La Habana, Cuba. Se describieron los SA y se consideró su utilidad en la prevención del choque con el uso de soluciones cristaloides mediante el cálculo de la sensibilidad, especificidad y los valores positivo y negativo a partir de las clasificaciones de la OMS de 1997 y 2009. Resultados: La extravasación de plasma con choque fue la forma clínica principal del dengue grave (95,3 por ciento). Todos los casos graves debido a extravasación de plasma manifestaron SA. Los SA más frecuentes fueron el sangrado de mucosas (926 casos; 64,4 por ciento), los vómitos frecuentes (361; 39,0 por ciento), el dolor abdominal espontáneo o a la palpación (404; 35,5 por ciento) y la postración (408; 28,4 por ciento). El sangrado de mucosas y el dolor abdominal fueron buenos predictores de gravedad (aparecieron un día antes del choque). Más del 75 por ciento de los pacientes sin SA no tenían dengue grave. La mayoría de los pacientes con SA fueron tratados correctamente y se recuperaron sin complicaciones. Conclusiones: La identificación de SA recomendada por la clasificación de OMS de 2009 para el tratamiento con cristaloides fue crucial para la evolución exitosa de los casos de dengue(AU)

Fitness, Food, and Biomarkers: Characterizing Body Composition in 19,634 Early Adolescents.

Adolescent obesity persists as a major concern, especially in Central and Eastern Europe, yet evidence gaps exist regarding the pivotal early adolescent years. Our objective was to provide a comprehensive picture using a holistic approach of measured anthropometry in early adolescence, including body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and reported lifestyle characteristics. We aimed to elucidate potential sex/gender differences throughout and associations to biomarkers of disease risk for obese adolescents. Methods: Trained nurses measured 19,634 early adolescents (12−14-year-olds), we collected parental reports, and, for obese adolescents, fasting blood samples in four major Polish cities using a cross-sectional developmental design. Results: 24.7% boys and 18.6% girls were overweight/obese, and 2886 had BMI ≥ 90th percentile. With increasing age, there was greater risk of obesity among boys (p for trend = 0.001) and a decreasing risk of thinness for girls (p for trend = 0.01). Contrary to debate, we found BMI (continuous) was a useful indicator of measured fat mass (FM). There were 38.6% with CRF in the range of poor/very poor and was accounted for primarily by FM in boys, rather than BMI, and systolic blood pressure in girls. Boys, in comparison to girls, engaged more in sports (t = 127.26, p < 0.0001) and consumed more fast food (t = 188.57, p < 0.0001) and sugar-sweetened beverages (167.46, p < 0.0001). Uric acid, a potential marker for prediabetes, was strongly related to BMI in the obese subsample for both boys and girls. Obese girls showed signs of undernutrition. Conclusion: these findings show that overweight/obesity is by far a larger public health problem than thinness in early adolescence and is characterized differentially by sex/gender. Moreover, poor CRF in this age, which may contribute to life course obesity and disease, highlights the need for integrated and personalized intervention strategies taking sex/gender into account.

Deficiente comprensión auditiva en inglés relacionada con el énfasis en otras habilidades / Poor listening comprehension in English related to emphasis on other skills

El proceso enseñanza aprendizaje del idioma inglés ha evolucionado y la comprensión auditiva es de suma importancia para adquirir fluidez en la expresión oral. Por tal motivo, las autoras se propusieron promover la necesidad de desarrollar esta habilidad de manera óptima y eficiente. El análisis realizado permitió concluir que esta deficiencia se ha generado a partir del énfasis que proporcionan los docentes y estudiantes a otras habilidades durante la impartición de sus contenidos.

The teaching-learning process of the English language has evolved and listening comprehension is of the utmost importance to acquire fluency in oral expression. For this reason, the authors set out to promote the need to develop this skill optimally and efficiently. The analysis carried out allowed us to conclude that this deficiency has been generated from the emphasis that teachers and students provide to other skills during the teaching of their contents.

Estimación de la protocolización del bruxismo desde la perspectiva clínica en Cuba y el mundo / Estimate of bruxism protocol from the clinical perspective in Cuba and the world

RESUMEN Fundamento :existen ocasiones en las que ante un mismo problema se actúa diferente y una forma de paliar este efecto es incorporar instrumentos que faciliten la toma de decisiones. Objetivo : evaluaren la década del 2010 al 2020 los protocolos existentes en el manejo del paciente con bruxismo en Cuba y el mundo. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional transversal para la protocolización del bruxismo desde la perspectiva clínica en Cuba y el mundo desde febrero de 2019 a febrero de 2020. El universo documental y de investigadores lo conformaron: cinco protocolos (cuatro extranjeros y un protocolo de carácter nacional) y un grupo evaluadorintegrado por cuatro profesionales de Estomatología. Se confeccionó una base de datos con la puntuación otorgada a el instrumento evaluativo con la escala cubana conformado por 15 ítems, según cinco categorías que establecían una evaluación del uno al cinco de los ítems, según opinión de cada integrante del grupo evaluador. Resultados: ninguno de los protocolos en existencia evaluados logró la puntuación máxima (300 puntos), tampoco la puntuación mínima (60 puntos). Los protocolos cuatro y cinco alcanzaron los mayores valores con 178 y 184 puntos respectivamente e igual IDT P de 0,53. Conclusiones : los protocolos para la atención de pacientes con bruxismo no alcanzaron la máxima puntuación posible, pero constituyen aciertos científicos e incorporan de una manera u otra, principios o funciones para desarrollar aspectos válidos en las buenas prácticas estomatológicas.

ABSTRACT Background: there are times in which facing the same problem, the performance is different and a way of reducing this effect is to incorporate instruments that facilitate decision-making. Objective: to evaluatein the last decade (from 2010 to 2020) the existing protocol in the management of the patient with bruxism in Cuba and the world. Methods: a cross sectional observational study was carried out for the protocolization of bruxism from a clinical perspective in Cuba and the world from February 2019 to February 2020.The universe of documents and researchers made it up: five protocols (four foreignersprotocols and a national one) and an evaluation group made up of four dental professionals. A database was drawn up with the grade given to the assessment instrument with the Cuban scale formed by 15 items, divided into five categories that established an evaluation from one to five of the items, according to the opinion of each member of the assessment group. Results: noneof the existing assessed protocol got neither the maximum grade (300 points)nor the minimum one (60 points). The fourth and fifth protocols reached the highest grades with 178 and 184 points respectively as well as the same IDT P of 0,53. Conclusions: these protocols the assistance of patients with bruxism did not reach the maximum possible grade, but they constitute scientific good decisions and incorporate, from one way or another, principles or functions to develop valid aspects in the good practice of dentistry.

The link between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and obesity-related traits: genetic and prenatal explanations.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often co-occurs with obesity, however, the potential causality between the traits remains unclear. We examined both genetic and prenatal evidence for causality using Mendelian Randomisation (MR) and polygenic risk scores (PRS). We conducted bi-directional MR on ADHD liability and six obesity-related traits using summary statistics from the largest available meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies. We also examined the shared genetic aetiology between ADHD symptoms (inattention and hyperactivity) and body mass index (BMI) by PRS association analysis using longitudinal data from Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 (NFBC1986, n = 2984). Lastly, we examined the impact of the prenatal environment by association analysis of maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and offspring ADHD symptoms, adjusted for PRS of both traits, in NFBC1986 dataset. Through MR analyses, we found evidence for bidirectional causality between ADHD liability and obesity-related traits. PRS association analyses showed evidence for genetic overlap between ADHD symptoms and BMI. We found no evidence for a difference between inattention and hyperactivity symptoms, suggesting that neither symptom subtype is driving the association. We found evidence for association between maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and offspring ADHD symptoms after adjusting for both BMI and ADHD PRS (association p-value = 0.027 for inattention, p = 0.008 for hyperactivity). These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the co-occurrence between ADHD and obesity has both genetic and prenatal environmental origins.

Sleep Duration and Waking Activities in Relation to the National Sleep Foundation's Recommendations: An Analysis of US Population Sleep Patterns from 2015 to 2017.

The objective was to investigate the association between time spent on waking activities and nonaligned sleep duration in a representative sample of the US population. We analysed time use data from the American Time Use Survey (ATUS), 2015-2017 (N = 31,621). National Sleep Foundation (NSF) age-specific sleep recommendations were used to define recommended (aligned) sleep duration. The balanced, repeated, replicate variance estimation method was applied to the ATUS data to calculate weighted estimates. Less than half of the US population had a sleep duration that mapped onto the NSF recommendations, and alignment was higher on weekdays (45%) than at weekends (33%). The proportion sleeping longer than the recommended duration was higher than those sleeping shorter on both weekdays and weekends (p < 0.001). Time spent on work, personal care, socialising, travel, TV watching, education, and total screen time was associated with nonalignment to the sleep recommendations. In comparison to the appropriate recommended sleep group, those with a too-short sleep duration spent more time on work, travel, socialising, relaxing, and leisure. By contrast, those who slept too long spent relatively less time on each of these activities. The findings indicate that sleep duration among the US population does not map onto the NSF sleep recommendations, mostly because of a higher proportion of long sleepers compared to short sleepers. More time spent on work, travel, and socialising and relaxing activities is strongly associated with an increased risk of nonalignment to NSF sleep duration recommendations.

Resistencia a fármacos antituberculosos en Cuba, 2015-2017 / Resistance to tuberculosis drugs in Cuba, 2015-2017

Introducción: La tuberculosis persiste como un importante problema de salud mundial. En el 2016 se estimaron 600 000 casos de resistente a rifampicina, y entre estos 490 000 casos multidrogorresistentes. Objetivo: Describir el comportamiento de la resistencia de los aislados de M. tuberculosis de pacientes con tuberculosis pulmonar notificados en Cuba entre los años 2015-2017. Métodos: Se determinó la susceptibilidad a isoniacida y rifampicina mediante el método de la nitratasa. A los aislados resistentes a rifampicina/multidrogorresistentes se les determinó mediante el método proporcional la susceptibilidad a ofloxacina, kanamicina, amikacina y capreomicina. Resultados: El 93,2 por ciento de los aislados fueron sensibles a isoniacida y rifampicina. En 39 se identificó resistencia a isoniacida y 23 fueron resistente a rifampicina. Se identificaron 10 multidrogorresistentes. No se detectó resistencia a fármacos de segunda línea. Conclusiones: Los resultados alertan sobre la necesidad de investigar las causas que han conllevado al incremento de la tuberculosis resistente en Cuba(AU)

Introduction: Tuberculosis continues to be an important health problem worldwide. In the year 2016, as many as 600 000 cases of rifampicin resistance were estimated, among which 490 000 were multi-drug resistant. Objective: Describe the behavior of resistance to M. tuberculosis isolates in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis reported in Cuba in the period 2015-2017. Methods: Susceptibility to isoniazid and rifampicin was determined by the nitratase method. Susceptibility of rifampicin resistant / multi-drug resistant isolates to ofloxacin, kanamycin, amikacin and capreomycin was determined by the proportional method. Results: Of the isolates analyzed, 93.2 percent were sensitive to isoniazid and rifampicin. Isoniazid resistance was identified in 39 and 23 were rifampicin resistant. Ten multi-drug resistant isolates were identified. Resistance to second line drugs was not detected. Conclusions: Results warn about the need to study the factors leading to the increase in resistant tuberculosis in Cuba(AU)

COVID-19: presentación clínica en pacientes hospitalizados en el Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Pedro Kourí" / COVID-19: clinical presentation in patients admitted to Pedro Kourí Tropical Medicine Institute

. Introducción: Con los primeros casos de COVID-19 en Cuba era necesario el reconocimiento temprano de los pacientes con riesgo de evolucionar hacia formas graves de la enfermedad. Objetivo: Describir el comportamiento clínico de la COVID-19 en pacientes hospitalizados en el Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Pedro Kourí" e identificar factores asociados a la gravedad. Métodos: Se presentaron los primeros 73 casos de COVID-19 hospitalizados en el Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kourí desde el 11 de marzo al 5 mayo de 2020. Los pacientes se clasificaron en dos grupos: graves y con enfermedad ligera. Se compararon variables clínicas, demográficas, de laboratorio e imagenológicas en el momento del ingreso, y su posible asociación con la gravedad de la enfermedad. Resultados: Hubo siete pacientes graves (9,6 por ciento), cinco fallecieron. La edad > 60 años, tener más de una comorbilidad, hipertensión arterial y asma bronquial, fueron más frecuentes en pacientes graves. La fiebre más de seis días (p= 0,00), disnea (p= 0,00), presencia de estertores húmedos (p= 0,00), frecuencia respiratoria > 24/min (p= 0,00) y valores de linfocitos < 0,8 x109/L (p= 0,00), de ferritina > 500µg/L (p =0,00), proteína C reactiva ( 10μg/L (p= 0,01) y LDH ( 500 U/L (p= 0,01) se relacionaron con la gravedad. El 18,2 por ciento de las radiografías de tórax mostró alteraciones, con predominio de focos de condensación inflamatoria bilateral. Las complicaciones más frecuentes fueron: distrés respiratorio, choque, sepsis bacteriana y afecciones cardíacas. Conclusiones: Existen características clínicas y de laboratorio, identificables al ingreso, que están relacionadas con la gravedad de la enfermedad; lo que puede ser útil para la estratificación del riesgo y el manejo adecuado de los pacientes(AU)

Introduction: Upon appearance of the first COVID-19 cases in Cuba, early identification of patients at risk of developing severe forms of the disease became a necessity. Objective: Describe the clinical behavior of COVID-19 in patients admitted to Pedro Kourí Tropical Medicine Institute and identify factors associated to severity. Methods: A presentation was made of the first 73 COVID-19 cases admitted to Pedro Kourí Tropical Medicine Institute from 11 March to 5 May 2020. The patients were divided into two groups: severe and mild disease. A comparison was made of clinical, demographic, laboratory and imaging variables at admission, and their possible association to disease severity. Results: Seven patients (9.6%) were critically ill; five died. Age > 60 years, more than one comorbidity, arterial hypertension and bronchial asthma were more common among critical patients. Fever for more than six days (p= 0.00), dyspnea (p= 0.00), presence of humid stertors (p= 0.00), respiratory rate > 24/min (p= 0.00) and lymphocytes < 0.8 x109/l (p= 0.00), ferritin > 500 µg/L (p =0.00), C-reactive protein 10 μg/l (p= 0.01) and LDH 500 U/l (p= 0.01) were related to disease severity. 18.2 percent of the chest radiographs showed alterations, with a predominance of bilateral foci of inflammatory condensation. The most common complications were respiratory distress, shock, bacterial sepsis and heart disorders. Conclusions: Some clinical and laboratory characteristics identifiable at admission may be associated to disease severity, which makes them useful for risk stratification and the appropriate management of patients(AU)

Effects of cognitive behavioural therapy on insomnia in adults with tinnitus: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.

Insomnia is common in patients with tinnitus and negatively affects tinnitus symptoms and quality of life. This systematic review aimed to synthesise evidence of the effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) based interventions on insomnia in adults with tinnitus. We conducted a comprehensive database search (MEDLINE, CINAHL, Web of Science, CENTRAL, ClinicalTrials.gov and PROSPERO) for published, unpublished and ongoing randomised controlled trials of CBT in adults with tinnitus. Five trials met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review, with four of these providing data for the meta-analysis. This demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in Insomnia Severity Index (a standard diagnostic questionnaire of insomnia used in clinical settings) following CBT (-3.28, 95% CI -4.51, -2.05, P=<0.001). There was no evidence of statistical heterogeneity (I2 = 0%). Risk of bias was considered low in all categories except blinding of participants, personnel, and/or the assessment of outcomes. Here, for the first time, we demonstrate that CBT-based interventions can significantly improve sleep in adults with tinnitus.

Family Income Gradients in Adolescent Obesity, Overweight and Adiposity Persist in Extremely Deprived and Extremely Affluent Neighbourhoods but Not in Middle-Class Neighbourhoods: Evidence from the UK Millennium Cohort Study.

We investigated whether family income gradients in obesity, overweight, and adiposity persist at geographic-level deprivation quintiles using a nationally representative cohort of UK adolescents. Data from 11,714 eligible adolescents from the sixth sweep of the Millennium Cohort Study (14 years old) were analysed in this study. The International Obesity Task Force age- and sex-specific thresholds were used to define obesity and overweight. Self-reported family income was standardized using the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)'s equivalised income scale. Geographic-level deprivation was defined by the index of multiple deprivation 2004. Results showed that the prevalence of obesity and overweight was 8.0% and 27.2%, respectively. Mean percentage body fat was 16.9% (standard error, SE = 0.2%) in male and 27.3% (SE = 0.1%) in female adolescents. Risk of obesity, overweight, and adiposity increased with decreasing family income quintiles (p for trend <0.001). After stratifying by geographic-level deprivation quintiles, a U-shaped association emerged, whereby family income gradients in the risk of adolescent obesity and adiposity persisted in extremely affluent and extremely deprived neighbourhoods but attenuated to non-significance in middle-class neighbourhoods. These results focus on the findings from England. Recognition of the persistence of inequalities in the risk of obesity in the most deprived and affluent neighbourhoods may be necessary in planning public health resources and interventions.

GWAS on longitudinal growth traits reveals different genetic factors influencing infant, child, and adult BMI.

Early childhood growth patterns are associated with adult health, yet the genetic factors and the developmental stages involved are not fully understood. Here, we combine genome-wide association studies with modeling of longitudinal growth traits to study the genetics of infant and child growth, followed by functional, pathway, genetic correlation, risk score, and colocalization analyses to determine how developmental timings, molecular pathways, and genetic determinants of these traits overlap with those of adult health. We found a robust overlap between the genetics of child and adult body mass index (BMI), with variants associated with adult BMI acting as early as 4 to 6 years old. However, we demonstrated a completely distinct genetic makeup for peak BMI during infancy, influenced by variation at the LEPR/LEPROT locus. These findings suggest that different genetic factors control infant and child BMI. In light of the obesity epidemic, these findings are important to inform the timing and targets of prevention strategies.